media and eating disorders essays

media and eating disorders essays The media today is one of the greatest influences on societies actions, personalities, and beliefs. Society conducts their lives to the point where they are just living a life that media has created for them. Sometimes this influence is taken into consideration to deeply and starts to harm society. The image of a woman in todays society as portrayed by media is one that is almost artificial. Mass media has come to develop this idea that to be a beautiful women, one has to be passive in personality, flawless, and most of all, as thin as a yard stick. Media has taken the image of a woman and warped it into something so unpractical that women and young girls are harming their bodies to look like these manufactured models. Mass media definitely has heavy influence on the growing rate of eating disorders among young girls and women in todays society. The media is something that the average American cannot escape unless they barricaded themselves in their house forever. The media is all around us. In stores, on TV, on the radio, and even on the back of a bathroom stall door. A person sees on average 3000 ads per day and spends almost 35 years watching just television commercials (Kilbourne). These forms of media we see everyday influence the way we live. This can range from the style of clothes that we wear to what we eat for dinner. Media corporations run our lives. Society as a whole feels that these things that are advertised are standards that we should be living by. Given that we as a society strive to live up to the expectations of the media the argument is if media has any influence at all of eating disorders. There is no doubt that media has an effect on this. Women and young girls, especially girls going through puberty are constantly having images of extremely skinny women shoved into their faces. They are taught and influenced that if they want to be beautiful then they must definitely look this way...

Use Conditional Probability to Calculate Intersections

Use Conditional Probability to Calculate Intersections The conditional probability of an event is the probability that an event A occurs given that another event B has already occurred. This type of probability is calculated by restricting the sample space that we’re working with to only the set B. The formula for conditional probability can be rewritten using some basic algebra. Instead of the formula: P(A | B) P(A ∠© B) /P( B ), we multiply both sides by P( B ) and obtain the equivalent formula: P(A | B) x P( B) P(A ∠© B). We can then use this formula to find the probability that two events occur by using the conditional probability. Use of Formula This version of the formula is most useful when we know the conditional probability of A given B as well as the probability of the event B. If this is the case, then we can calculate the probability of the intersection of A given B by simply multiplying two other probabilities. The probability of the intersection of two events is an important number because it is the probability that both events occur. Examples For our first example, suppose that we know the following values for probabilities: P(A | B) 0.8 and P( B ) 0.5. The probability P(A ∠© B) 0.8 x 0.5 0.4. While the above example shows how the formula works, it may not be the most illuminating as to how useful the above formula is. So we will consider another example. There is a high school with 400 students, of which 120 are male and 280 are female. Of the males, 60% are currently enrolled in a mathematics course. Of the females, 80% are currently enrolled in a mathematics course. What is the probability that a randomly selected student is a female who is enrolled in a mathematics course? Here we let F denote the event â€Å"Selected student is a female† and M the event â€Å"Selected student is enrolled in a mathematics course.† We need to determine the probability of the intersection of these two events, or P(M ∠© F). The above formula shows us that P(M ∠© F) P( M|F ) x P( F ). The probability that a female is selected is P( F ) 280/400 70%. The conditional probability that the student selected is enrolled in a mathematics course, given that a female has been selected is P( M|F ) 80%. We multiply these probabilities together and see that we have an 80% x 70% 56% probability of selecting a female student who is enrolled in a mathematics course. Test for Independence The above formula relating conditional probability and the probability of intersection gives us an easy way to tell if we are dealing with two independent events. Since events A and B are independent if P(A | B) P( A ), it follows from the above formula that events A and B are independent if and only if: P( A ) x P( B ) P(A ∠© B) So if we know that P( A ) 0.5, P( B ) 0.6 and P(A ∠© B) 0.2, without knowing anything else we can determine that these events are not independent. We know this because P( A ) x P( B ) 0.5 x 0.6 0.3.   This is not the probability of the intersection of A and B.

Savage Inequalities and Their Impact on the Life Chances of Children Essay

Savage Inequalities and Their Impact on the Life Chances of Children - Essay Example It is generally considered that the process of tracking (education by separation) is a sort of discrimination and is likely to affect the performance and educational attainment of many students. While tracking is commonly done based on the abilities and performances of students, factors such as race, class, and language also act as determinants in tracking systems in many instances. Tracking based on color or race is quite dangerous as it harms the prospects of students of color to perform like their white counterparts. Many social scientists hold that â€Å"tracking is one of the most obvious mechanisms through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a diluted academic program, making it much more likely that they will fall even further behind they're white, middle-class counterparts† (Kendall, p. 356). Ultimately, tracking, in this sense, results either in dropping out of the school or ending up in â€Å"dead-end† situations where the studen ts become incompetent to pursue higher studies. The severity of the issue needs to be understood in the light that many of such school drop-outs later turn to be criminals or anti-socialists. Labeling and self-fulfilling prophesy are the other two forms of social inequality in education in the United States. The practice of labeling students as low achievers, gifted or talented based on standardized test scores or classroom performance has adverse effects on the educational attainment and subsequent career choices of many students who have been labeled as low achievers or slow learners. Such students are most likely to internalize the label attributed to them and this naturally prevents them from performing naturally.

Sleeps Relationship to Learning and Memory Essay

Sleeps Relationship to Learning and Memory - Essay Example On the other hand, during REM, EEG waveforms change associated with increased frequencies. This is where memorable dreams occur. Sleep in mammals is described mainly by inactivity of behavior in conjunction with different electrophysiological changes in the motion of the brain.ii Factors like stress, shifting schedules, and longer work contribute to lack of sleeping time. This results to inefficient performance to workers so companies have allotted rooms for quick naps and other businesses have installed apparatus that will improve the results short-term sleeps. Sara Mednick et al. (2002) describe naps to be short periods of sleep which lasts for one hour maximum and likely to enhance one's attentiveness, efficiency and disposition. These brief periods of rest are suitable for people, who are experiencing sleep deprivations, nightshift schedules, and prolonged periods of driving. Daytime naps also improve psychomotor speed and attainment of short-term memory. However, their relation on previously learned information is not yet established although they are common among people with daily information overload. Mednick et al. (2002) suggest the psychological feeling of 'burnout', which is an amplified irritation and frustration brought by decreasing effectivene ss after a lengthened cognitive effort, is not merely a reflection of mental exhaustion but a need for a worn-out mind to experience restoration during sleep.iii Sleep is the only 2. Sleep to Human beings Especially Sleep is the only way by which one can rejuvenate oneself; a mere rest will not be any good as far as the revitalizing factor of sleep is concerned. In relation with that, studies also show the need for the brain to experience the restorative benefits of sleep, and also restore positive attitude emotionally. Matthew Walker (2009) identifies several roles of sleep in cognitive and emotional brain processes.iv 3. Sleep and Human Memory Firstly, Walker observes the role of sleep in memory processing which focused on the declarative memory. Secondly, he relates the ordered structure of sleep and memory stage evolution with the sleep-dependent plasticity models. Thirdly, he discusses the role of sleep in associate memory processing. Fourth, he touches on the emerging advantage of sleep in emotional brain reactivity. Lastly, he proposes a framework of sleep-dependent affective brain processing which will further explain the implications of mood disorders. Neurological studies have shown stimulating role of sleep in the control of brain function and emotional experience. Walker identifies that modulation of affective networks overnight and emotional experiences happened in the past are capable of affecting the restoration and maintenance of the appropriate connectivity for the next-day reactivity. Lisa Marshall and Jan Born mention the role of short wave sleep or the NREM, in benefiting the hippocampus-dependent declara tive memory, and also the valuable for the procedural aspects of memory. 4. Sleep and creativityCreativity has been defined by Mednik as the forming of associative elements into new combinations which either meet specified requirements or are in some way useful. Many studies also have explained the roll of sleep in the creative problem solving process. Denise Cai et al. find REM to be beneficial in terms of improving the associative network construction. It has also enhanced the incorporation of unassociated information,

Ap Us History Essay Example for Free

Ap Us History Essay Thesis Sentence: The lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century were affected by technological developments and government actions politically, economically, religiously, socially, intellectually, and geographically. Body Paragraph #2 Background Paragraph How the Indians were treated before the second half of the 19th Century. Body Paragraph #3 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century politically because: †¢ They did not have a say in government very much even though they were more â€Å"civilized† Body Paragraph #4 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century economically because: †¢ Transcontinental Railroad Indians lost their food sources, such as bison, due to the rapid constructions of buildings and technological things that did not let the bison roam free Lots of bison caused hunting - they almost went extinct Body Paragraph #5 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century religiously because: †¢ Indians that changed left their culture and spiritual practices behind Became Christians – only a few Were allowed in churches †¢ Indians that did not changed were being forced to change Body Paragraph #6 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century socially because: †¢ Indians who changed left their practices and became more â€Å"civilized† according to the white Americans They were more accepted than the non-changed Indians Body Paragraph #7 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century intellectually because: †¢ Indians who changed got the same education white Americans did Went to better schools †¢ Indians who did not change were not as well educated as the other Indians †¢ All Indians were better equipped when it came to hunting because they had guns instead of bows n’ arrows Death rate while hunting went down Body Paragraph #8 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century geographically because: †¢ Were given crappy land Were kicked out of them when the Americans found out that there was gold in that area Homestead Act/ Dawes Act Conclusion: During the second half of the 19th Century, the Indians were affected by the technological developments and government actions in many ways more than one. They were still not accepted politically. They lost a lot of economical resources in the process of the technological progression. The Indians were forced to change their religion to Christianity in order to become â€Å"civilized† in the eyes of the white Americans. They were socially accepted in some ways by the white Americans if they converted to Christianity. The Indians became intellectually smarter when they grasped new technological developments like the gun (new for them) so that they could hunt properly. However, they lost a lot of land to the white Americans geographically. The second half of the 19th Century gave the Indians more problems than happiness.

English Coursework: Frankenstein doesn’t have any heroes or villains, E

English Coursework: Frankenstein doesn’t have any heroes or villains, only victims. Do you agree with this statement? Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, started being written in 1814 and was finally completed in the summer of 1816, at a time when gothic genre was extremely popular. It was then released in 1818, but Shelley decided to release it anonymously. It is a gothic horror novel that concentrates on isolation and ambition. The idea for the novel was supposedly first invented when Shelley was at a friend’s house when a competition was created as to whom could create the best â€Å"tale of terror† story. It is about a man, Victor Frankenstein, who tries to â€Å"play god† and creates a living â€Å"creature† that is then ostracised and consequently commits a series of murders throughout the novel. The characters involved can be viewed as heroes, or as villains, depending on the different perspectives of the reader. Frankenstein’s creation of the creature can be viewed as heroic, as he is seen to push the boundaries of science further than ever before: â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their beings to me.† Frankenstein also sacrificed the safety of those he loved to prevent the risk of the creatures killing others when he destroyed the female creature, which angered the male creature. He was also very ambitious in the way that he chased the creature to the North Pole to put a stop to his reckless behaviour, where he met the explorer Walton, who is a hero as far as leadership and ambition are concerned, by trying to travel as far North as possible. Walton’s ambitious attitude is made clear when he says â€Å"My life might have been passed in ease and luxury, ... ...rought on himself. The novel shows the shallowness of people in society by showing what the monster had to endure because of his appearance, as well as the moral irresponsibility of Frankenstein as a scientist. Frankenstein was always the villain deep down as he attempted to play God, which I don’t think should be attempted by any human being. He was obsessed with the fact that he could create life, but never once to considered if it was the right thing to do. I think Shelley is basing the whole novel on, not what Frankenstein actually did, but what he fails to do. The way the creature is portrayed in 3rd person narrative allows us to see the creature as a hero, villain and a victim. I believe that the creature viewed Frankenstein as a father figure and was mentally tortured when his own creator neglected him. He had nothing to live for, except revenge.

Bibliography

Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada  is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in the  Philippines  (1869–1871). He was the assigned  Governor-General  after the  La Gloriosa  revolution. ————————————————- [edit]Governor General of the Philippines A  Carlist  army officer, he was sent from  Spain  by  Francisco Serrano  after the ouster ofIsabel II  as result of the  La Gloriosa  revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberal  laws. 1]  He wanted to have the bronze statue of  Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. [2] He established the  Guardia Civil  in the  Philippines  and gave a mnesty to rebels,[3]  of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. [4]He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of the  Guardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited secularization of education. 2]  He was also very close to the  ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the  Malacanan Palace. [5] Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo cry was â€Å"Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos! â€Å".In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot or  motin, at the  University of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand ref orms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. [6] Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had great influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitled  El Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a woman wrote it. [2] Another is during a festivity in  Malacanan Palace  that was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now definitely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place wearing a ribbon which said  Viva la Libertad  (English: Long live libertty) and  Viva el Pueblo Soberano  (English: Long live the sovereign nation). [2] In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his letter was written. 4]  He was succeeded by  Governor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Maximo S.Viola Maximo Sison Viola  (1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda Movement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the printing of  Jose Rizal's novel  Noli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early education in San Miguel, Bulacan and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letr an in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such as  Marcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. ————————————————- edit]  Fellowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be destroy by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, â€Å"To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. † – Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal’s foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel named Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about his friend’s fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the peak of 1896 revolution, Viola went underg round to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and later in Olongapo during his imprisonment, he assist Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the tenant’s votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecunious patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furnitur e, in the 1920’s he proved his competence by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the December 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw  (1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. ———————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]  Early Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 in  Kupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographer  Rosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on their sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of â€Å"maestro elemental† at the  Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros  in Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 in  San Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled â€Å"Folklore Pampango† was included by  Isabelo de los Reyes  in the landmark book â€Å"El Folk-lore Filipino† and exhibited at the  Exposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. ————————————————- [edit]  Involvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice of  Bulacan, he became a director of a  Malolos  school. It was at this time that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together with  Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,  Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Jose  to give scholarships to indigent children. Together with  Ambrosio R. Bautista,  Deodato Arellano,  Marcelo H. del Pilar  and  Doroteo Cortes, he helped form a  Comite de Propaganda  to extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored with  Rafael Enriquez  and  Marcelo H. el Pilar  other satirical works, such as  Dasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication of  La Solidaridad, even when  Marcelo H. del Pilar  left Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became King  Alfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog language  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog  to much notice. He issued the follow-up volume â€Å"Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano† in 1914. ————————————————- [edit]  Masonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited into  Freemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucion  in Barcelona, Spain with  Graciano Lopez Jaena,  Jose Rizal,  Mariano Ponce,  Marcelo H.Del Pilar,  Jose Alejandrino,  Antonio Lunaand  Juan Luna. This lodge was later renamed to  Solidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmaster  Miguel Morayta  of the Spanish  Gran Oriente Espanol  designated Pedro Serrano Laktaw and  Antonio Luna  to establish  Freemasonry  in the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruit  Moises Salvador  and  Jose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge called  Nilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by the  Gran Oriente Espanol  the following year, with  Jose A. Ramos  designated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name was  Panday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-General  Ramon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the organization on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote for  Espana Ori ental  and  Revista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of the  Philippine Revolution  he resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles for  El Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such as  Ang Bayan,  Ang Kapatid ng Bayanand  Kalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulished  Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano  in 1914. Together with his earlier volume  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.His  Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalog  was published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along with  Jose Rizal  and  Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried in  Mandaluyong, Rizal. Bibliography Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada  is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in the  Philippines  (1869–1871). He was the assigned  Governor-General  after the  La Gloriosa  revolution. ————————————————- [edit]Governor General of the Philippines A  Carlist  army officer, he was sent from  Spain  by  Francisco Serrano  after the ouster ofIsabel II  as result of the  La Gloriosa  revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberal  laws. 1]  He wanted to have the bronze statue of  Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. [2] He established the  Guardia Civil  in the  Philippines  and gave a mnesty to rebels,[3]  of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. [4]He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of the  Guardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited secularization of education. 2]  He was also very close to the  ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the  Malacanan Palace. [5] Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo cry was â€Å"Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos! â€Å".In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot or  motin, at the  University of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand ref orms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. [6] Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had great influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitled  El Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a woman wrote it. [2] Another is during a festivity in  Malacanan Palace  that was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now definitely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place wearing a ribbon which said  Viva la Libertad  (English: Long live libertty) and  Viva el Pueblo Soberano  (English: Long live the sovereign nation). [2] In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his letter was written. 4]  He was succeeded by  Governor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Maximo S.Viola Maximo Sison Viola  (1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda Movement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the printing of  Jose Rizal's novel  Noli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early education in San Miguel, Bulacan and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letr an in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such as  Marcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. ————————————————- edit]  Fellowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be destroy by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, â€Å"To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. † – Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal’s foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel named Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about his friend’s fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the peak of 1896 revolution, Viola went underg round to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and later in Olongapo during his imprisonment, he assist Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the tenant’s votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecunious patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furnitur e, in the 1920’s he proved his competence by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the December 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw  (1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. ———————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]  Early Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 in  Kupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographer  Rosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on their sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of â€Å"maestro elemental† at the  Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros  in Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 in  San Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled â€Å"Folklore Pampango† was included by  Isabelo de los Reyes  in the landmark book â€Å"El Folk-lore Filipino† and exhibited at the  Exposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. ————————————————- [edit]  Involvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice of  Bulacan, he became a director of a  Malolos  school. It was at this time that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together with  Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,  Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Jose  to give scholarships to indigent children. Together with  Ambrosio R. Bautista,  Deodato Arellano,  Marcelo H. del Pilar  and  Doroteo Cortes, he helped form a  Comite de Propaganda  to extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored with  Rafael Enriquez  and  Marcelo H. el Pilar  other satirical works, such as  Dasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication of  La Solidaridad, even when  Marcelo H. del Pilar  left Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became King  Alfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog language  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog  to much notice. He issued the follow-up volume â€Å"Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano† in 1914. ————————————————- [edit]  Masonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited into  Freemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucion  in Barcelona, Spain with  Graciano Lopez Jaena,  Jose Rizal,  Mariano Ponce,  Marcelo H.Del Pilar,  Jose Alejandrino,  Antonio Lunaand  Juan Luna. This lodge was later renamed to  Solidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmaster  Miguel Morayta  of the Spanish  Gran Oriente Espanol  designated Pedro Serrano Laktaw and  Antonio Luna  to establish  Freemasonry  in the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruit  Moises Salvador  and  Jose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge called  Nilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by the  Gran Oriente Espanol  the following year, with  Jose A. Ramos  designated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name was  Panday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-General  Ramon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the organization on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote for  Espana Ori ental  and  Revista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of the  Philippine Revolution  he resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles for  El Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such as  Ang Bayan,  Ang Kapatid ng Bayanand  Kalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulished  Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano  in 1914. Together with his earlier volume  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.His  Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalog  was published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along with  Jose Rizal  and  Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried in  Mandaluyong, Rizal.