Evaluation of Sigmund Feud and his theory

Evaluation of Sigmund Feud and his theory Sigmund Freud may have pioneered psychoanalysis and initiated interest in behavioral patterns, but some of his concepts/theories are controversial. Sigmund Freud is one of the well know scientist of his time in the area of psychology, he is intentionally referred to as the godfather of psychology. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential and controversial minds of the 20th century. Sigismund (later changed to Sigmund) Freud was born on the 6 May 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor in the Czech Republic). His father was a merchant. The family moved to Leipzig and then settled in Vienna, where Freud was educated. Freuds family was Jewish but was himself non-practicing. In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885 Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up his private practice, specializing in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children. Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defenses against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work The Interpretation of Dreams was published in which Freud analyzed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences. In 1902, Freud was appointed professor of neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the Intentional Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freuds, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories. After world war one, Freud spend less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to art, literature, and anthropology. In 1923, he published The Ego and the Id, which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freuds books. In 1938 shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna. Freud was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23rd September 1939. (http://bbc.com.uk/history./freud_sigmund.shtml) Freud studied hysteria at length, and became involve with Josef Breuer. Dr. Breuer became Freud mentor, and together they co-authored a book on hysteria. It was during these studies that Freud came to realize that the personality was made up of having three aspects the id, ego, and super ego, (Krogh, D.). The id is the part of personality that is responsible for survival and self gratification, it is our primitive mind. It is the source of our libido and has only one rule, satisfying the pleasure principles, (Gay, P.). The ego deals with our rational thought, it develops our growing awareness that you cannot always get what you want. It has a tough job compromising negotiation between the id and the super ego. It pleases the id but also remains responsible and bears the long term consequences in mind. The super ego is the last part of the mind to develop. It is best described as the moral of personality. The super ego has two sub systems, those been the ego ideal and conscience. The ego ideal lays down the laws regarding positive behavior and standards which the ego must live up to. The conscience are the sets of rules which define deviant behavior, it houses thoughts and behaviors that would result in punishment if they were to be acted out. Freud was also responsible for defining the five stages of psychosexual development, which are briefly explained below. Stage One: The oral stage, (0-18 months). During this stage, the physical focus is on the mouth. The young child receives libidinal pleasures while feeding. Any problems at this stage, for example, over indulgence or privation could lead the child to an oral personality in adulthood suggesting, that the adult would partake in extensive oral activities e.g. smoking, drinking, or eating disorders, (Gay, P.). Stage two: The anal stage (18-36 months). Freud believed that the child experienced erogenous pleasure while defecating. Potty training takes place round about this time, so that the child had to learn control over its bowels. Also the caregiver puts emphasis on the child to control urges regarding deviant behavior (often called the terrible twos). If the caregiver is too controlling the child is likely to grow to have a retentive personality e.g. the adult will have rigid thought complexes, be overly organized, and obsessed with neatness. On the other hand, if the caregiver is not controlling enough, the child will grow up to be messy, untidy and could possibly be defiant with little self-control, (Feldman, R, F). Stage Three: The phallic stage (3-6 years).The physical focus at this stage for both boys and girls is the penis boys wonder why girls havent got one. In return, girls start noticing that they are without one and become curious. Also during this stage, Freud suggested that children have sexual feelings for the opposite sexed parent, (so they deal with Oedipus and Electra complexes respectively). Boys experience castrations anxiety and girls suffer penis envy (the lack of). Fixation at this stage could result in promiscuity and immoral behavior, (Feldman, R,F.). Stage four: The latency stage,(6 years to the onset of puberty). This is a calm period where virtually no psychosexual conflicts are taking place. Boys and girls tend to be gender aware thorough this stage and have little in common with the opposite sex, (Feldman, R.F.). Stage five: The genital stage (post puberty). If all transitions of the above stages have been smooth and the caregiver has responded in a relevant well balanced manner. A healthy competent adult should emerge, fully equipped to contribute to society emotionally, and physically. If on the other hand, one or more of the transitions have been impaired, a fixation of the impaired stage will occur. Stress will trigger the adult to regress to the particular impaired stage in question, (Feldman, R,F). As straight forward and relevant as Freuds theories were, he was not without criticism , Carl Jung, Karl Krus et al, and T.S. Szasz are among a few who strongly object to Freuds findings (Robinson, P. Feud and his critics). Could they have a point? For all Freuds genius, he failed to incorporate genetic influences regarding behavior in his studies. Freud dealt only in the unconscious mind, with a few age related triggers thrown in, and that our whole personality is based on the development of these triggers. These triggers were purely Freuds interpretation. Behavior on the other hand, deals solely with environmental factors, and believes that babies are born as a blank slate, often termed tabula rassa Freud is also accused of been totally subjective and having a bias attitude. An example of this would be that he based all his findings on his recollections and findings (Robinson, P. Freud and his critics). He did conduct research using his youngest daughter Anna, but this form of opportunity sampling is not productive, because being his daughter, she would strive to produce socially desirable answers. When conducting psychoanalysis, Freuds patients were always middle class women. This was not a representative samples of the population, the data collected from his analysis would again be bias. Other arguments against the proficiency of Freuds practices are that due to patient Problems occurring in childhood, this may result in parental blame. There are also problems surrounding false memory syndromes, it has been found that patients receiving Freudian analysis have imagined childhood abuse. These allegations could be imagined and have no facts, (Robinson, P. Freud and his critics). Also the whole model of psychoanalysis is non-scientific, it cannot be falsified. So there we have it, the basic from which Freud conducted his psychoanalysis. In its day it was a revolution but certainly not without opposition, as previously discussed Freud managed to put words, terms, and phases to complex notions regarding personality and unravel almost simplify intricate developmental processes, enabling Freudian psychologists to accurately define and hopefully rectify a patients regressed emotional problems. Was Feud practicing a pseudo-science? Are his findings mere quackery? Were his theories on psychoanalysis a revolutionary breakthrough? Either way people will remain divided.

Symbols of Personal Renewal in Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’

Symbols of new beginnings for Nora In A Doll’s House the supporter, Nora lives in a Victorian society where adult females are to a great extent controlled and treated as second-class citizens. The mean Victorian adult females belonged to a stereotype that the adult females were required to remain place and clean, prepare repasts and raise kids. In matrimony Victorian adult females lost ownership of their rewards, all physical belongings, including land, and all other hard currency generated one time married. The hubby would stand for both adult male and adult female puting the hubby in control of everything and that including the married woman as if she was a piece of belongings. This was Nora before her new beginning. The dramatist employs a assortment of literary techniques and symbolism to convey the passage from a traditional Victorian adult female to the image of her seen at the terminal of the drama ; an embittered yet sophisticated, intelligent, and freshly empowered adult female boldly get awaying the i nfantilizing clasps of her old life. Amongst the symbols employed throughout the drama many were 1s in which represented a new beginning for Nora. From the point of act one she played the submissive, apparently selfish, foolish married woman declining to admit the strength that she was constructing. From the Christmas tree to the macaroons to the Tarantella to New Year’s twenty-four hours are really of import symbols which are Nora’s loves, they are what helped her to obtain her new beginning, these symbols conveyed to the reader the get downing a new for her. Christmas is favored vacation for Nora, the degree of felicity is exponential, but portion of the ground why she is so happy is the joy that she has when playing the function of a married woman and female parent. The plaything that she chose for her kids suggests that she is all right with the position quo of Victorian society, misss being nurturing and turning up to be a plain married woman and female parent while male childs grow up to be strong and powerful. Though during this phase her action of desiring to purchase something for herself implies that she wants to do a determination for herself traveling against the position quo. At this point though incognizant she starts to believe of independency as if the idea of it was in the dorsum of her head. Though Torvald does non let her to make so, the fact that Torvald will non swear her with money to purchase herself a present demonstrates a major instability of power. We see her during the drama telling the Christmas tree and so ado rning it, in secret moving independently an deduction of growing of strength to be an independent adult female turning, inching towards a new beginning. During Christmas Eve Nora believed her matrimony to be one that had small to no issues. At the beginning of the 2nd act, the tree has been stripped and the tapers burned out ; phase waies dictate that is should look â€Å"bedraggled† . This represents the terminal of Nora’s artlessness and foreshadows the Helmer family’s eventual decomposition, the tree represents the household and its integrity, the denudation of the tree foreshadows Nora depriving from the household unit and her going her ain individual and making her new beginning. She is get downing to alter significantly at this point. Though the first deduction of a strength that was get downing to turn was in her small act of eating a macaroon. The macaroons was a dainty that Torvald had forbidden Nora from eating. Nora claims that she â€Å"would ne'er dream† of making anything that Torvald did non desire her to make, but this is disproved in the really gap of the drama when Nora eats macaroons while she was entirely in the life room. The macaroons come to stand for Nora’s noncompliance to Torvald, as this was her first act of noncompliance seen by the audience. The macaroons show that Nora is the perfect small â€Å"pet† that Torvald views her to be. The macaroons map in the drama was to show that although that some households and lives seem image perfect, most of the clip it is non true, as proven by Nora’s demand to conceal the bond and macaroons from Torvald. Ibsen’s usage of symbolism in utilizing such a minor pleasance impacts the narrative in a immense manner by subtly demoing the audience that Nora’s life style is non as true, happy and dependent as it seems, an independent act can take to more and such implies her turning strength. After giving a stormy public presentation of the tarantella Nora asks that the macaroons be served at dinner, bespeaking a relationship between the macaroons and Nora’s interior passions, the tarantella and the macaroons can be said to be two of Nora’s loves which help to demo the audience the truth of who she truly is. The tarantella symbolizes a side of Nora that is ardent and passionate she could show her true nature in this dance. The Tarantella was a wild southern Italian dance, by and large danced by a twosome or line of twosomes. The dance was named after the European wolf spider spider, whose toxicant bite was erroneously believed to do ‘tarantism, ‘ an unmanageable impulse for wild dance. The ‘cure ‘ prescribed by physicians was for the sick person to dance to exhaustion. Pyscologists ground that the lone signifier of showing passion to its fullest, was the Tarantella. It is the fiery, passionate dance that allows Nora to drop the facade of perfect mild-mannered Victorian married woman it is the accelerator in which Nora is able to show a pent-up side of herself, her true ego. Ibsen’s arrangement of the Tarantella in the 3rd act is an prefiguration component which implies the interrupting out of Nora. Her new beginning, is clearly seen in this dance something that is non controlled. Throughout the drama Nora uses public presentations to delight Torvald, and the tarantella is no exclusion ; he admits that watching her perform makes him want her. However this is merely under controlled fortunes, and Torvald seems to bask that the public presentation impresses other people more than anything. But she can be merely controlled to a certain point such can be said when Torvald was seeking to give instructions â€Å"slow down† , seeking to command her as he watched her pattern before the existent event. Though this seems to be merely done to delight her hubby with a public presentation, what drives her to execute is the underlying facet that she can show her emotions to the fullest uncontrolled. New Years twenty-four hours is traditionally viewed as a new beginning and such can be said to be the Helmer family’s position, they are looking frontward to this new beginning. Torvald starts a better paying occupation at the bank at which he works, Nora is about free if non already free of her debt by New Years twenty-four hours. By the terminal of the drama Nora has decidedly made a new beginning for herself though non as expected ; without her kids and her hubby. As the secret about the debt is found out by Torvald and she has reached an epiphany because of this that she â€Å"existed simply to execute tricks† faulting him and her male parent for handling her like a spoiled kid and a toy for their ain amusement. They wanted her to be nescient and incapacitated, and therefore far she has merely tried to delight them and in bend losing out on any chance to educate and better herself. All the times she subtly rebelled or disobeyed or instead she was the 1 in control behind the scenes but now she is seen clearly, no more misrepresentation. Nora’s submissiveness to Torvald is no longer seen. She shows herself no longer as a kid but as an grownup adult female these symbols that the writer has employed has shown her development over clip. Particularly when Torvald fails to supply the strength that she needed, because of that she can truly state that she no longer loves him. Her realisation that she wants to prosecute her independency is non so much a transmutation but an waking up to a strength that she had possessed wholly along and with this strength she can get down a new.

Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples at a Glance

Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples at a Glance This is, clearly, discriminatory. Society tells everyone they're a success based upon how much material wealth they've obtained. All the martyrs fall below this category since they sacrificed themselves for their nation and they are able to never be forgotten. Merton used the illustration of the drug addict or alcoholic to demonstrate individuals who are in society, but don't take part in the role of that society. Men and women adapt in several different ways. Lots of people conform to find a feeling of belonging and to steer clear of social rejection. As a consequence, once a person is labeled as deviant they could be rejected by social groups like family and friends, ultimately resulting in further deviant acts. Furthermore, the individuals within the society aren't bound to a single role relationship. Who Else Wants to Learn About Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples? Pls be specific and utilize literature to strengthen your arguments. Crime might be a way to reduce or escape from strains. Using Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples Stigma extend the thought of labeling theory by illustrating how individual characteristics may be the foundation for attaching labels that could be life-altering. Without knowing right techniques and approaches, it's not possible to create a thriving paper. If you wish to understand how to compose a visual analysis paper, here you need to define the art ist's purpose. Pick a subject for your upcoming paper. Accordingly, a person learns various motives that are favorable to engaging in deviant behaviors in addition to rationalizations and methods for achieving them. There can, obviously, be other antecedents before labeling that can boost the practice of delinquency in juveniles. However, this isn't all it can take to stop deviant behaviors from forming and occurring. Main deviance is a deviant act that provokes very little reaction, and it has limited effect on an individual's self-esteem. Accordingly, people who take part in deviant behavior do so as a result of low self-control. The deviant does not change her or his behavior for a consequence of this act. Small deviant acts similar to this are extremely common. Any act of nonconformity to such rules is deemed deviant. So How About Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples? Using first person throughout the full poem implies that the theme of this poem was evoked by personal experience. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! Actually, as we've seen, positivists need to be hermeneutically oriented o some degree as a way to interpret the significance of scientific data. This explanation is known as differential association. The Secret to Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples The American Dream' encouraged people to pursue a purpose of success that was largely measured with respect to the acquisition of wealth and material possessions. Social control is also exerted through secondary groups which are mo re abstract, like organizations which use formal power and regulations, in addition to through membership in larger social categories like gender, which are connected with wider social norms. Intriguingly, women and men get tattoos for various explanations. Merton's major concern was that societies, like the usa, do not supply the capacity to achieve cultural objectives. The Bizarre Secret of Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples In addition, the arguments of labeling theory are especially relevant when applied to the matter of juvenile deviance. There are two additional ideas regarding the labeling theory strategy to understanding deviance. Several theorists try to recognize a commonality to the different kinds of deviant behavior. Introduction There are various theories in sociology which is quite hard to comprehend. In a sense deviance is expected in order for folks to understand what they can and cannot do. Very similar to the amount of theories of deviance there exist quite a few of motivations why individuals decide to take part in deviant behavior. Again, social conflict theory is about inequality, so one of the main differences between the two of these kinds of crime is that the punishment for committing them is disproportionate. Conflict theorists think that the wide division of people into both of these categories is inherently unequal. Utilizing the case of the American dream, in order for each and every person to achieve it, they should have access to numerous luxuries like education, which isn't always true. Obviously, then, the group in a particular society that has a great deal of power is going to have a major part in defining what acts are deviant. Another instance is a person who's very content with their job and bi-weekly paycheck and does not have any urge to climb the co rporate ladder. Another illustration of this might be an employee working at precisely the same company for 20 decades and still people that get hired are making more money doing exactly the same thing he has been doing for 20 decades, decides the only means to make that money which he isn't receiving is to skim money from the business.

Schizophrenia Long-term Mental Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 609 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Schizophrenia Essay Did you like this example? Schizophrenia, in dictionary definition is a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. This disorder affects attention in various ways. From not being able to focus on one particular thing to constantly being distracted at the same time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Schizophrenia: Long-term Mental Disorder" essay for you Create order Attention and vigilance tests were done in a number of different ways to evaluate attention. When finding all the various ways attention is affected in schizophrenia, I stumbled upon some research that had been done comparing schizophrenia to ADD. I learned some interesting things about the two. What I came to learn first was a gist of how schizophrenia works in the brain, with actual insight and direct quotes from schizophrenic patients. Barr explained that the inhibiting and facilitating properties of attention were both equally disturbed it felt contradictory to acknowledge that it is equally as hard to pay attention as it is to get distracted. It was crazy to think that someones attention can be conflicted like that. When a study/comparison on ADD and Schizophrenia was done, schizophrenic patients described the feeling as If I am somewhere where there is a lot going on, I am swinging from thing to another instead of concentrating on one thing and getting it done or Everything seems to grip my attention although I am not particularlyinterested in anything (BARR, WILLIAM B). Alongside this information, I also learned that there was distinction between early onset schizophrenia and the youth with ADD.I also learned attentional dysfunction is not specific to ADD, and is actually found almost all psychopathology, and that ADD and schizophrenia carry a unique relationship during adulthood. In a retrospective study, It showed that adults with schizophrenia showed signs of ADD when they were younger. During a virtual factory setting attention test, an interesting take on assessing schizophrenic patients attention took place. What they did was tell patients to identify objects on a conveyor belt in a simulated real world setting. Evaluations were done on affiliations between task performance and structural brain connectivity using this Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Through this DTI Test, selective attention (SA), divided attention (DA), and attentional shift (ASh) were looked at. When looking at DA, schizophrenic patients struggled more in this area than the healthy patients. Which to me was not surprising, because you would assume that of course the schizophrenic patient would struggle more in attention, but to my surprise its only certain aspects of attention. What I came to find out was that there was no difference in SA. This got me thinking, are we able to improve those certain aspects of attention with brain exercises? And will doing this show faster improvement in schizophrenic patients?Low scores in DA and ASh were particularly notable in schizophrenic patients. Latter seems to be correlated with lack in cognition and motivation, which are central to schizophrenia. They found that visual tasks seem to be an appropriate and correct way of evaluating attention in ways that are rare and that are not detected by standard measures.Sches journal raised the question on whether lack in attention/vigilance can be persistently and accurately measures across sites with variating factors such as demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics. I believe that Siddiqui would argue that there is reliable and accurate ways of measuring attention judging by how confident the virtual test went for them was and how when they finished testing they confidently stated they believe it asses attention in ways that are not standardly measured.